Use of the scales of risks for the prevention of blindness for glaucoma
Keywords:
glaucoma, blindness, risk scale, preventionAbstract
Introduction: Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, but the leading cause of irreversible blindness. Objective: To discuss the use of risk scales for the prevention of blindness caused by glaucoma.
Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted covering the last 10 years of research on human glaucoma. Databases searched included MEDLINE, EBSCO, Hinari, Cochrane, SCOPUS, ClinicalKey, Elsevier, LILACS, SciELO, Medigraphic, Dialnet, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, with no language restrictions; VOSviewer software was used for analysis. The descriptors used were: glaucoma, blindness, risk scales, diagnosis, and prevention. The review reflects current knowledge, and the authors present their views on the subject.
Results: Various risk scales for glaucoma used in primary health care for blindness prevention are presented. A methodology for preventing glaucoma-related blindness is being developed in Las Tunas Province; this methodology includes the use of a glaucoma signs and symptoms scale among its measures.
Conclusions: The glaucoma signs and symptoms scale is the most practical tool for primary health care professionals to use. Developing a methodology that incorporates this scale into prevention efforts can help reduce cases of blindness associated with glaucoma.
Downloads
References
1. Salmon JF. Glaucoma. En: Salmon JF. Kansky´s Oftalmología Clínica. Un enfoque sistemático. 9na ed. [Internet]. Barcelona: Elsevier; 2021 [citado 23/03/2022]. Disponible en: https://www.bibliomedica.com.uy/pdf/9788491138938.pdf
2. Grupo de trabajo de Glaucoma Socfcale. Guía básica de práctica clínica en Glaucoma [Internet]. España: Sociedad de Oftalmología Castellano Leonesa (SOFCALE); 2023 [citado 23/03/2024]. Disponible en:
https://sofcale.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/01-12-GUIA-SOFCALE_INTERACTIVA_IMPRESION.pdf
3. Serpa M, González Y, Chaswell Y, Leal B, Rodríguez S. La ceguera y la baja visión en Cuba y en el mundo. Rev Cubana Oftalmol [Internet] 2023 [citado 30/06/2024];36(1):[aprox. 3p.]. Disponible en: https://www.medigraphic.com/pdfs/revcuboft/rco-2023/rco659h.pdf
4. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Ceguera y discapacidad visual [Internet]. Ginebra: OMS; 2023 [citado 10/04/2024]. Disponible en: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-impairment
5. Suárez N, Fernández L, Concepción MR. Fundamentos epistemológicos sobre la prevención de ceguera por glaucoma. Revista Opuntia Brava [Internet]. 2024 [citado 30/06/2024];16(2):[aprox. 3p.]. Disponible en: https://opuntiabrava.ult.edu.cu/index.php/opuntiabrava/article/view/2127
6. Suárez N, Fernández L, Concepción MR. La educación para la prevención de ceguera por glaucoma. Revista Salud y Desarrollo [Internet]. 2025 [citado 20/04/2025]; 9(1):[aprox. 2p.]. Disponible en: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=10045640
https://doi.org/10.55717/OXJO4398
7. Pérez MJ, Velázquez NM, Rodríguez EI, Pérez RG, Parapar SI, Massip J. La perfusión del nervio óptico y su repercusión en el glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto. Revista Cubana de Investigaciones Biomédicas [Internet]. 2021 [citado /30/06/2024];40(4):e951. Disponible en: https://revibiomedica.sld.cu/index.php/ibi/article/view/951
8. Ruiz MA, Pardo A, Martínez de la Casa JM, Esquirol J. Adaptación cultural y validación al español del cuestionario de síntomas del glaucoma (Glaucoma Symptom Scale, GSS). MedClin (Barc) [Internet]. 2009 [citado 20/11/2023];132(3):[aprox. 2p.].Disponible en: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025775308000286
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2008.06.005
9. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ [Internet]. 2021 [citado 23/12/2023]. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33782057/
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
10. Adatia F, Akarim FD. Chronic open-angle glaucoma. Review for primary care physicians. Canadian Family Physician [Internet]. 2005 [citado /13/03/2024];51(9):[aprox. 3p.]. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16190176/
11. Lam TC, Poemen PC. Variability of the risk factors measurements and 5 year glaucoma risk estimation. Clinical Ophthalmology [Internet]. 2020 [citado /08/05/2024];4(2):[aprox. 4p.]. Disponible en: https://typeset.io/papers/variability-of-the-risk-factors-measurements-and-5-year-41m85o23uz
12. Weinreb RN, Medeiros F. Risk Assessment for glaucoma. Open Ophthalmol J [Internet]. 2009 [citado 21/06/2024];3(1):[aprox. 3p.]. Disponible en: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2758500/
https://doi.org/10.2174/1874364100903010030
13. Worley A, Grimmer K. Risk factors for glaucoma: what do they really mean? Australian Journal of Primary Health [Internet]. 2011. [citado 10/04/2024];17(3):[aprox. 3p.]. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21896259/
https://doi.org/10.1071/PY10042.
14. Brusini P. Global Glaucoma Staging System (GGSS): A New Method to Simultaneously Assess the Severity of Both Functional and Structural Damage in Glaucoma. J Clin Med [Internet]. 2021 [citado 29/01/2025];10:[aprox. 2p.]. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34640431/
https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10194414
15. Sencanic I, Gazibara T, Dotlic J, Stamenkovic M, Jaksic V, Bozic M, et al. Glaucoma Symptom Scale: Psychometric properties of the Serbian versión. PLoS One [Internet]. 2019 [citado 21/06/2024];14(5):e0216920. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31107903/
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216920
16. Craig JE. Multitrait analysis of glaucoma identifies new risk loci and enables polygenic prediction of disease susceptibility and progression. Nature Genetics [Internet]. 2021 [citado 12/04/2024];52(2):[aprox. 3p.]. Disponible en: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8056672/
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-019-0556-y
17. Buller AJ. Results of a Glaucoma Shared Care Model Using the Enhanced Glaucoma Staging System and Disc Damage Likelihood Scale with a Novel Scoring Scheme in New Zealand. Clinical Ophthalmology [Internet]. 2021 [citado 12/02/2024];15:[aprox. 2p.]. Disponible en: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33442229/
https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S285966
18. Suárez I, Pérez A, Zazo E, Regla M. Fundamentos teóricos que sustentan las relaciones esenciales que caracterizan la educación en salud de enfermedades oftalmológicas. Revista Científico Metodológica [Internet]. 2021 [citado 10/12/2023];72: [aprox. 2p.]. Disponible en:
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Noraidis Suárez Estévez, Liamet Fernández Argones, María Rita Concepción García
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who have publications with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors will retain their copyright and assign to the journal the right of first publication of their work, which will simultaneously be subject to a Creative Commons License / Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) that allows third parties to share the work as long as its author and first publication in this journal are indicated.
- Authors may adopt other non-exclusive license agreements for distribution of the published version of the work (e.g., depositing it in an institutional repository or publishing it in a monographic volume) as long as the initial publication in this journal is indicated.
- Authors are allowed and encouraged to disseminate their work through the Internet (e.g., in institutional telematic archives or on their web page) before and during the submission process, which can produce interesting exchanges and increase citations of the published work. (See The effect of open access).
october 6, 2026
